Best Cities In The UK For Expats To Start A Business In 2025: A Comprehensive Guide

Embark on a journey through the Best Cities in the UK for Expats to Start a Business in 2025, where opportunities and innovation converge to shape the entrepreneurial landscape.

Discover the key factors, emerging trends, and unique insights that will empower expats to make informed decisions and thrive in the dynamic business environment of the UK.

Factors to Consider when Choosing a City

When expats are considering starting a business in the UK, there are several key factors that should be taken into account to ensure success and growth in the chosen city. Factors such as the cost of living, business regulations, infrastructure, availability of skilled labor, market potential, and access to funding opportunities play a crucial role in the decision-making process.

Cost of Living

The cost of living in a city can significantly impact the financial health of a business. Expats should research and compare the cost of housing, utilities, transportation, and other essentials in different cities to determine the affordability of setting up a business there.

Business Regulations

Understanding the business regulations and legal requirements in a city is essential for compliance and smooth operations. Expats should consider factors such as tax laws, licensing procedures, and labor regulations to ensure that their business can operate legally and efficiently.

Infrastructure

A city’s infrastructure, including transportation networks, communication systems, and access to utilities, can affect the ease of doing business. Expats should assess the quality and reliability of infrastructure in different cities to determine the level of support available for their business activities.

Skilled Labor

Access to a skilled workforce is crucial for the growth and success of a business. Expats should evaluate the availability of qualified employees in different cities to ensure that they can recruit the talent needed to drive their business forward.

Market Potential

The market potential in a city can impact the demand for products or services offered by a business. Expats should conduct market research to identify the target audience, competition, and growth opportunities in different cities to make informed decisions about where to establish their business.

Access to Funding Opportunities

Securing funding is often a critical step in starting a business. Expats should explore the availability of funding options such as loans, grants, and investment opportunities in different cities to ensure that they have the financial resources needed to launch and grow their business successfully.

London as a Business Hub

London is often considered a top choice for expats to start a business due to its reputation as a global financial center, diverse talent pool, and access to international markets. The city offers a vibrant business ecosystem that supports startups with various resources and opportunities.

Business Ecosystem in London

• London’s business ecosystem is characterized by a mix of traditional industries like finance and technology, as well as emerging sectors such as fintech, biotech, and creative industries.
• The city is home to numerous co-working spaces, accelerators, and incubators that provide support, mentorship, and networking opportunities for startups.
• London’s proximity to investors, corporate partners, and talent from around the world makes it an attractive destination for entrepreneurs looking to scale their businesses.

Challenges and Advantages of Starting a Business in London

• Advantages: Access to a large market, diverse talent pool, strong infrastructure, and a supportive business environment.
• Challenges: High operating costs, intense competition, regulatory complexities, and potential impact of Brexit on trade and investment.

Successful Startups in London

• Revolut: A fintech startup that has grown rapidly and gained international recognition for its innovative financial services.
• Deliveroo: An online food delivery platform that has expanded globally and disrupted the food delivery industry.

Funding Options and Resources in London

• London offers access to a wide range of funding options, including venture capital, angel investors, government grants, and crowdfunding platforms.
• Entrepreneurs can also benefit from business support programs, networking events, and mentorship opportunities to help grow their ventures.

Regulatory Environment in London

• The regulatory environment in London is generally business-friendly, with transparent laws, efficient registration processes, and strong intellectual property protection.
• Compared to other major business hubs, London provides a stable legal framework that encourages innovation and entrepreneurship.

Impact of Brexit on London’s Business Landscape

• The uncertainty surrounding Brexit has created challenges for businesses in London, particularly in terms of market access, talent acquisition, and regulatory changes.
• However, London continues to attract foreign investment and remains a key hub for startups and established companies looking to expand globally.

Emerging Business Cities in the UK

As the landscape of business in the UK continues to evolve, several emerging cities are gaining traction among expats looking to start their own ventures. These cities offer unique opportunities and advantages that make them attractive destinations for entrepreneurs.

Birmingham

Birmingham, often referred to as the “second city” of the UK, is rapidly emerging as a hub for startups and small businesses. With its diverse economy and strategic location in the heart of England, Birmingham offers a supportive business environment and access to a skilled workforce.

Bristol

Bristol is another city that is gaining popularity among expats for its vibrant startup scene and strong focus on innovation. Known for its creative industries and tech sector, Bristol provides ample networking opportunities and a collaborative business community.

Manchester

Manchester is a thriving city with a growing reputation as a business destination. With its excellent transport links, affordable living costs, and access to top universities, Manchester offers a conducive environment for startups to flourish.

Leeds

Leeds is quickly becoming a hotspot for entrepreneurs looking to establish their businesses. With a strong financial and professional services sector, as well as a supportive startup ecosystem, Leeds presents promising opportunities for expats seeking to start a business.

Business-friendly Policies and Regulations

When considering starting a business in the UK as an expat, it is crucial to analyze the impact of business-friendly policies and regulations. These factors can significantly influence the ease of setting up and running a business in different cities.

Examples of Cities with Favorable Policies

• Manchester: Known for its supportive business environment and access to funding opportunities for startups.
• Bristol: Offers various tax incentives and streamlined licensing procedures for expat entrepreneurs.
• Edinburgh: Provides access to government grants and resources to help expats establish their businesses.

Regulations and Business Growth

The regulations in different cities can either facilitate or hinder business growth for expats. Cities with complex and stringent regulations may pose challenges for expat entrepreneurs, while those with clear and business-friendly policies can encourage growth and innovation.

Tax Incentives for Expat Entrepreneurs

Various regions in the UK offer tax incentives to expat entrepreneurs to attract foreign investment and promote economic growth. For example, London provides tax breaks for startups in certain industries, while Birmingham offers reduced corporate tax rates for foreign-owned businesses.

Licensing Procedures Comparison Chart

City	Licensing Procedures
Manchester	Streamlined process with quick approvals
Bristol	Online application system for easy licensing
Edinburgh	Clear guidelines and support for expat entrepreneurs

Accessibility of Government Grants

Government grants and funding opportunities play a crucial role in supporting expats establishing businesses in the UK. Cities like Glasgow and Leeds have established programs to provide financial assistance to expat entrepreneurs, making it easier to kickstart their ventures.

Access to International Markets

Access to international markets is crucial for expat businesses looking to expand their reach and increase revenue streams. A city’s infrastructure, including transportation networks and logistics centers, plays a vital role in facilitating this access. Additionally, the cultural diversity and global connectivity present in a city can enhance the market reach of expat businesses targeting international customers. Specialized business districts or international trade zones within a city can also foster connections to global markets.

Role of Infrastructure in Facilitating International Market Access

• Efficient transportation networks and logistics centers can reduce shipping times and costs for expat businesses exporting goods internationally.
• Well-connected airports and ports can provide easy access to global markets for businesses looking to expand overseas.
• Advanced communication infrastructure, such as high-speed internet and digital connectivity, can enable real-time interactions with international clients and partners.

Enhancing Market Reach through Cultural Diversity and Global Connectivity

• A diverse population can provide insights into different consumer preferences and market trends worldwide, helping expat businesses tailor their products or services to international markets.
• Global connectivity through international events, trade fairs, and networking opportunities can facilitate business partnerships and collaborations with overseas companies.
• Cultural exchange programs and language diversity in a city can create a conducive environment for expat businesses to engage with international customers and break into new markets.

Importance of Specialized Business Districts and International Trade Zones

• Specialized business districts can offer resources and support services tailored to businesses looking to expand globally, such as legal advice, market research, and networking opportunities.
• International trade zones provide tax incentives and regulatory benefits to businesses engaged in international trade, making it easier for expat businesses to navigate complex global markets.
• Access to shared facilities, such as warehousing and distribution centers, in international trade zones can streamline operations for expat businesses targeting overseas markets.

Business Expansion Strategies

Expanding a business domestically or internationally requires careful planning and strategic decision-making. Small businesses can explore joint ventures to enhance their operations, while larger enterprises must consider the scalability of franchising versus setting up wholly-owned subsidiaries for international expansion. Digital marketing and e-commerce platforms play a crucial role in reaching new customer segments during expansion efforts.

Effectiveness of Joint Ventures for Small Businesses

• Joint ventures allow small businesses to pool resources and expertise with other partners, reducing financial risks and expanding market reach.
• Collaborating with local partners through joint ventures can provide insights into foreign markets and help navigate regulatory challenges in overseas territories.
• Shared responsibilities and risk-sharing in joint ventures can enhance operational efficiency and promote growth for small businesses looking to scale their operations domestically.

Scalability of Franchising vs. Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries for International Expansion

• Franchising offers a quicker and cost-effective way to expand globally, leveraging the brand recognition and operational expertise of the franchisor.
• Setting up wholly-owned subsidiaries provides greater control over operations and decision-making in foreign markets, but requires significant investment and resources.
• Choosing between franchising and wholly-owned subsidiaries depends on the business model, market conditions, and long-term growth objectives of the company.

Role of Digital Marketing and E-commerce Platforms in Expansion Efforts

• Digital marketing strategies, such as social media advertising and search engine optimization, can help businesses target specific customer segments and generate leads for expansion.
• E-commerce platforms provide a convenient and accessible way for businesses to sell products or services globally, reaching customers in different regions without physical storefronts.
• Data analytics and customer relationship management tools in digital marketing enable businesses to track performance metrics and personalize marketing campaigns for new customer segments during expansion efforts.

Quality of Life for Expats

When considering starting a business in the UK as an expat, it is essential to evaluate the quality of life factors that can significantly impact your overall experience. Factors such as healthcare, education, safety, and cultural amenities play a vital role in determining the overall livability of a city for expat entrepreneurs.

Healthcare Facilities

• Access to quality healthcare services, including hospitals, clinics, and specialists.
• Availability of health insurance options for expats and their employees.
• Convenience and efficiency of healthcare systems for quick medical assistance.

Educational Opportunities

• Availability of international schools for expat children.
• Quality of higher education institutions for ongoing learning and skill development.
• Support for language learning programs to facilitate integration into the local community.

Safety and Security

• Low crime rates and a safe environment for both individuals and businesses.
• Efficient emergency services and disaster preparedness measures in place.
• Secure neighborhoods and reliable public transportation for daily commutes.

Cultural Amenities

• Availability of cultural attractions, museums, theaters, and recreational facilities.
• Diverse dining options, entertainment venues, and community events for a vibrant lifestyle.
• Inclusivity and acceptance of diverse cultures and traditions within the city.

Work-Life Balance and Livability

• Opportunities for outdoor activities, green spaces, and recreational areas for relaxation.
• Efficient public transportation systems to reduce commute times and improve work-life balance.
• Cultural diversity and community engagement for a fulfilling personal and professional life.

Networking and Community Support

Networking and community support play a crucial role in the success of expat entrepreneurs starting a business in the UK. Building connections, receiving mentorship, and being part of a supportive community can significantly impact the growth and sustainability of a new venture.

Cities with Vibrant Startup Communities

• London: Known for its diverse and dynamic startup ecosystem, London offers a plethora of networking events, co-working spaces, and incubators to support expat entrepreneurs.
• Manchester: With a growing tech scene and a supportive business community, Manchester provides ample opportunities for networking and collaboration.
• Bristol: Home to a thriving creative sector and a strong entrepreneurial spirit, Bristol offers a supportive environment for expats looking to start a business.

Access to Mentorship, Incubators, and Accelerators

• Many cities in the UK have established mentorship programs, startup incubators, and accelerators to help expat entrepreneurs navigate the challenges of starting a business.
• Incubators like Techstars and accelerators like Seedcamp provide valuable resources, mentorship, and funding opportunities for expats looking to scale their businesses.
• Networking events such as Startup Grind, TechCrunch Disrupt, and Founders Forum offer expat entrepreneurs a platform to connect with industry leaders, investors, and potential collaborators.

Infrastructure and Technology

In today’s digital age, infrastructure and technology play a crucial role in the success of expat entrepreneurs looking to start businesses in the UK. The availability of advanced technological resources can significantly impact the efficiency and growth potential of a business.

Availability of Co-working Spaces and Digital Connectivity

Co-working spaces have become increasingly popular among expat entrepreneurs as they provide a collaborative environment and access to essential amenities. Cities like Manchester, Birmingham, and Edinburgh offer a wide range of co-working spaces tailored to the needs of entrepreneurs. High-speed internet and digital connectivity are also vital for businesses to operate smoothly and communicate effectively with clients and partners.

• Manchester’s MediaCityUK is a prime example of a tech hub with state-of-the-art infrastructure and co-working spaces designed for tech startups.
• Birmingham’s Innovation Birmingham campus offers a vibrant ecosystem for tech entrepreneurs, with advanced connectivity and support services.
• Edinburgh’s CodeBase is one of the UK’s largest tech incubators, providing access to cutting-edge technology and networking opportunities for expat entrepreneurs.

Government Initiatives and Technological Infrastructure

Government initiatives play a significant role in enhancing technological infrastructure for expat entrepreneurs. Cities like London and Bristol have benefited from government funding and support to develop their tech ecosystems and attract tech-savvy expats.

London’s Tech City initiative has transformed the city into a global tech hub, with initiatives like Tech Nation supporting startups and scaleups in the tech sector.

Digital Payment Systems and Cybersecurity Measures

Digital payment systems and cybersecurity measures are crucial for expat businesses operating in tech-driven cities. Cities like Cambridge and Oxford prioritize cybersecurity to protect businesses from cyber threats, while London offers a wide range of digital payment solutions to facilitate international transactions.

• Cambridge’s Cyber Valley initiative focuses on cybersecurity research and innovation, providing a secure environment for expat businesses to thrive.
• Oxford’s Cyber Security Centre collaborates with businesses to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect against digital threats.
• London’s diverse fintech sector offers advanced digital payment solutions like mobile wallets and online payment platforms to support expat businesses in accessing international markets.

Cultural Diversity and Inclusion

Cultural diversity and inclusion play a vital role in creating a welcoming and innovative environment for expats looking to start businesses in the UK. By embracing different cultures, cities can offer unique perspectives and opportunities that contribute to the success of expat entrepreneurs.

Importance of Cultural Diversity in Business

Embracing cultural diversity in business settings can lead to increased creativity, problem-solving, and a broader range of ideas. Expats starting businesses in cities with diverse populations have the advantage of tapping into a wealth of knowledge and experiences that can drive innovation and growth.

Initiatives Promoting Diversity and Inclusion

• Many cities in the UK have programs and initiatives in place to support diversity and inclusion in the business community. These include networking events, mentorship programs, and resources tailored to expat entrepreneurs.
• Organizations like the British Council and local Chambers of Commerce often offer support to help expats navigate the business landscape while celebrating cultural differences.

Impact of Cultural Sensitivity on Business Success

Cultural sensitivity is crucial for expat-owned businesses as it enhances customer relations and market penetration. Understanding and respecting the cultural norms and values of different communities can lead to stronger relationships and increased trust among customers.

Case Studies of Successful Expat Entrepreneurs

• A successful example is Sophia, an expat entrepreneur from Spain who leveraged her cultural background to introduce authentic Spanish cuisine in Manchester. By understanding the local market and adapting her offerings, Sophia’s restaurant quickly gained popularity among both locals and expats.
• Another case is Alex, an expat entrepreneur from China who established a technology startup in London. By embracing cultural diversity within his team and fostering an inclusive work environment, Alex was able to attract top talent and drive innovation in his company.

Sustainability and Green Initiatives

When it comes to expats launching businesses in the UK, sustainability and green initiatives play a crucial role in city selection. Not only do environmentally-friendly policies contribute to a healthier planet, but they also attract eco-conscious expat entrepreneurs who prioritize sustainability in their business practices.

Cities with Strong Sustainability Efforts

Several cities in the UK have made significant strides in implementing sustainability measures that appeal to expats looking to establish environmentally-responsible businesses. These cities provide a supportive environment for green initiatives and foster a culture of sustainability among businesses and residents alike.

• London: The capital city of the UK has been at the forefront of sustainability efforts, with initiatives like the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) and the goal to become a zero-carbon city by 2050. It offers a range of resources and support for eco-friendly businesses.
• Bristol: Recognized as the Green Capital of Europe in 2015, Bristol has a strong commitment to sustainability, with projects such as the Bristol Energy network and a focus on reducing carbon emissions. It attracts expat entrepreneurs who value green living.
• Manchester: With a goal to become carbon-neutral by 2038, Manchester has been implementing green infrastructure projects and promoting sustainable practices. It provides opportunities for expats to engage in environmentally-conscious business ventures.

Housing and Real Estate Options

When considering starting a business in a new city as an expat, one crucial aspect to take into account is the housing and real estate options available. The cost, location, and type of property can greatly impact your overall experience as an entrepreneur in the UK.

Rental Costs and Property Prices in Expats-Friendly Cities

• London:
  • One-bedroom apartment: £1,500 – £2,500 per month
  • Two-bedroom apartment: £2,000 – £4,000 per month
  • Three-bedroom apartment: £3,000 – £6,000 per month
• Manchester:
  • One-bedroom apartment: £800 – £1,200 per month
  • Two-bedroom apartment: £1,200 – £1,800 per month
  • Three-bedroom apartment: £1,800 – £2,500 per month
• Edinburgh:
  • One-bedroom apartment: £900 – £1,500 per month
  • Two-bedroom apartment: £1,400 – £2,200 per month
  • Three-bedroom apartment: £2,000 – £3,500 per month

Property Investment Options in Different Neighborhoods

When looking to invest in property as an expat entrepreneur, it’s essential to compare upscale neighborhoods with more affordable areas. While upscale neighborhoods may offer higher property prices, they can provide proximity to business districts and premium amenities. On the other hand, more affordable areas can offer cost-effective options with potential for growth.

City	Property Type	Average Square Footage	Amenities	Proximity to Business Districts
London	Apartment	800 sq ft	Gym, Concierge, Parking	Central London
Manchester	House	1,200 sq ft	Garden, Garage	City Centre
Edinburgh	Flat	900 sq ft	Shared Garden, Security	Old Town

Real Estate Market Trends and Impact on Expats

The current real estate market trends in the UK play a significant role in expats’ decisions on where to establish their businesses. Fluctuations in property prices, availability of housing, and rental market dynamics can influence the overall feasibility and sustainability of expat entrepreneurs in different cities. Staying informed about these trends is crucial for making informed decisions regarding property investments and business locations.

Education and Talent Pool

Education and the availability of a skilled talent pool are crucial factors for expats looking to start businesses in the UK. The presence of universities, research institutions, and vocational training centers in different cities can significantly impact the success of expat-owned businesses.

Presence of Universities and Research Institutions

Universities and research institutions play a vital role in providing a well-educated and skilled talent pool for businesses. Cities like London, Manchester, and Cambridge are known for their world-renowned universities such as Imperial College London, University of Manchester, and University of Cambridge. These institutions not only attract top talent but also foster innovation and research that can benefit expat entrepreneurs.

Vocational Training Centers and Skill Development

Apart from traditional universities, cities like Birmingham, Glasgow, and Leeds offer a range of vocational training centers that cater to specific skill sets needed in various industries. These centers provide practical training and certifications that can enhance the talent pool available to expat-owned businesses, especially in sectors like technology, healthcare, and engineering.

Diversity in Talent Pool

Access to a diverse talent pool is essential for expat entrepreneurs as it brings different perspectives, ideas, and experiences to the business. Cities like Edinburgh, Bristol, and Oxford are known for their diverse populations, attracting talent from across the globe. This diversity not only enriches the workforce but also fosters a culture of innovation and creativity within businesses.

Brexit Impact on Business Environment

Brexit, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, has significant implications for the business environment in the UK. The changes in trade agreements, regulations, and immigration policies post-Brexit are expected to impact expat entrepreneurs looking to start or grow businesses in the UK.

Trade Agreements and Regulations

• The post-Brexit trade agreements and regulations may introduce new barriers or opportunities for expat businesses in the UK.
• Adapting to the changes in tariffs, customs procedures, and market access will be crucial for expat entrepreneurs to navigate the new business landscape.
• Understanding the evolving regulatory environment and compliance requirements will be essential for expat businesses to ensure operational continuity and growth.

Immigration Policies

• Changes in immigration policies post-Brexit may impact the availability of talent for expat businesses in the UK.
• Expat entrepreneurs may face challenges in recruiting skilled workers from the EU and other countries, affecting their business operations and growth prospects.
• Navigating the new visa and work permit requirements will be crucial for expat businesses to attract and retain international talent in the UK.

Financial Implications

• Expat businesses may experience currency fluctuations and volatility in financial markets post-Brexit, affecting their profitability and competitiveness.
• Access to funding and investment opportunities for expat entrepreneurs in the UK may be influenced by the economic uncertainties and market conditions post-Brexit.
• Developing robust financial strategies and risk management practices will be essential for expat businesses to mitigate the financial impacts of Brexit.

Role of Technology

• Technology will play a crucial role in helping expat businesses adapt to the challenges and opportunities arising from Brexit.
• Digital tools, automation, and online platforms can enhance the efficiency, agility, and competitiveness of expat businesses in the UK post-Brexit.
• Embracing innovation and digital transformation will be key for expat entrepreneurs to stay resilient and responsive in the evolving business environment shaped by Brexit.

Digital Nomad-Friendly Cities

In the evolving landscape of work culture, digital nomads are seeking cities in the UK that offer the ideal environment for their location-independent businesses. These cities provide not only the necessary digital infrastructure but also lifestyle amenities that cater to the needs and preferences of this growing demographic.

Co-Working Spaces and Digital Infrastructure

• London: The capital city boasts a plethora of co-working spaces and tech hubs, such as TechHub and WeWork, providing digital nomads with a collaborative work environment.
• Bristol: Known for its vibrant tech scene, Bristol offers co-working spaces like Runway East and Engine Shed, along with high-speed internet connectivity.
• Manchester: With spaces like Colony and Accelerate Places, Manchester has emerged as a hub for digital nomads looking for a dynamic work setting.

Lifestyle Amenities and Leisure Activities

• Brighton: This seaside city is not only picturesque but also home to creative co-working spaces like Platf9rm, offering digital nomads a mix of work and leisure by the beach.
• Edinburgh: Digital nomads can enjoy a rich cultural experience in Edinburgh while working from spaces like CodeBase and Spaces, blending work with exploring historic sites.
• Glasgow: With spaces like The Distillery and The Whisky Bond, Glasgow provides digital nomads with a vibrant arts scene and a variety of leisure activities to unwind after work.

Future Trends and Predictions

The future landscape of business in the UK for expats is expected to be influenced by various trends and developments. Emerging industries, technological advancements, and societal changes are likely to shape the opportunities and challenges faced by expat entrepreneurs in 2025. Cities are actively preparing for this shift to attract and retain expat talent in a rapidly evolving business environment.

Top 5 Cities for Expats to Start Businesses in 2025

• London: With a strong financial sector and access to international markets, London remains a top choice for expat entrepreneurs. Government policies supporting startups, a diverse talent pool, and robust infrastructure contribute to its appeal.
• Manchester: Known for its innovation and growing tech scene, Manchester offers a lower cost of living compared to London. The city’s focus on sustainability and green initiatives attracts environmentally conscious expat entrepreneurs.
• Bristol: A hub for creative industries and sustainable businesses, Bristol provides a supportive ecosystem for expats looking to start ventures in areas such as renewable energy and digital innovation. Access to funding and a vibrant community enhance its entrepreneurial environment.
• Edinburgh: With a strong emphasis on education and a skilled workforce, Edinburgh is an attractive destination for expat entrepreneurs in sectors like fintech and life sciences. The city’s cultural diversity and quality of life contribute to its appeal.
• Birmingham: Positioned as a key location for advanced manufacturing and engineering, Birmingham offers a strategic location in the heart of the UK. Expats can benefit from business-friendly policies, affordable real estate options, and a growing network of support services.

Projected Growth of Key Industries in Top Cities

London: The financial technology (fintech) sector is expected to continue thriving, with advancements in blockchain technology and digital banking. Challenges may include increased competition and regulatory changes.

Manchester: The healthcare and life sciences industry is projected to expand, driven by investments in research and development. Expats in this sector may face challenges related to regulatory compliance and talent acquisition.

Bristol: Renewable energy and sustainability initiatives are anticipated to grow, offering opportunities for expat entrepreneurs in clean technology and eco-friendly solutions. Challenges may include securing funding and navigating complex regulations.

Edinburgh: The tech sector, particularly in artificial intelligence and data analytics, is forecasted to see significant growth. Expats may encounter challenges related to talent retention and intellectual property protection.

Birmingham: Advanced manufacturing and engineering are set to evolve with advancements in automation and smart technologies. Expats entering these industries may face challenges in adapting to rapid technological changes and global market shifts.

Last Point

As we conclude our exploration of the best cities for expats to start a business in the UK, it becomes evident that the future holds boundless possibilities for entrepreneurial success and growth.